Understanding the difference between venomous and non-venomous snakes is important for awareness, especially in regions where these reptiles are common. This blog post delves into the importance of identifying snake types, detailing the characteristics and examples of the venomous snake and non-venomous snakes in Ontario.
In Ontario, snake encounters can be a common occurrence, especially for those who enjoy outdoor activities. While most snakes are harmless, knowing how to distinguish between venomous and non-venomous species can be enlightening and bring peace of mind. This knowledge not only helps in preventing unnecessary panic but also contributes to the conservation efforts of these often-misunderstood creatures.
Ontario is home to only one venomous snake: the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake. Understanding its characteristics is helpful for proper identification. Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake: This is Ontario's only venomous snake and is considered a species at risk. It is an endangered species in much of its range. It has a distinctive rattle at the end of its tail and the Eastern Massasauga is usually found in wetlands, grasslands, and rocky areas. Appearance: It has a thick body with a light grey or brown background color and dark brown blotches along its back. The head is distinctly triangular, and the eyes have vertical, slit-like pupils. Behavior: The Massasauga is generally shy and avoids humans. It will only strike if threatened or provoked. Its venom, while potent, has yet to be fatal to humans who received medical treatment. Habitat: In Ontario, the Massasauga is found on the Bruce Peninsula, the eastern Georgian Bay area, and one location on the northern shore of Lake Erie.
Ontario hosts a variety of non-venomous snakes, many of which play vital roles in the ecosystem by controlling pest populations. Since these snakes are harmless and defenseless to most predators, some have developed mimicry to try and fool you. These snakes are often superior to the actual rattlesnake in producing what most people understand as Rattlesnake behaviour. Here are a few examples: Eastern Fox Snake: A very special species in the province of Ontario. This endangered species has been lost from most of its range due to loss of habitat and road mortality. Ontario has the most remaining individuals of this species, making this our snake to save! Appearance: These snakes can get quite long, often over a metre in length. They are blotched snakes, much like the native rattlesnake. As babies they have dark blotches on a pale background, as they mature the background becomes more yellow in colour and the head becomes reddish. Behavior: This snake is docile but will mimic a rattlesnake if frightened. It can emit a foul-smelling musk if handled. These snakes are excellent tree climbers and are comfortable living around human dwellings and barns or sheds. Habitat: A limited range around the north shore of Lake Erie, the eastern shore of Georgian Bay and some areas around Lake Huron. Northern Water Snake: Often mistaken for venomous snakes due to its defensive behavior when threatened, the Northern Water Snake is non-venomous and typically found near water bodies. Appearance: It has a robust body with dark bands on a lighter background. Its color can vary from brown to gray. Behavior: This harmless snake species is quick to bit in defense if threatened or restrained, but may also vomit, musk and defecate all over you. It is an excellent swimmer and diver, able to hold its breath for over an hour. It is often seen basking on rocks or logs near water. Habitat: Common around lakes, rivers, and ponds in Southern Ontario, including areas around the Great Lakes. Eastern Milk Snake: The Milk Snake is harmless and beneficial to humans. Since it is also harmless to its predators, the milk snakes imitate venomous species to attempt to stay safe. Appearance: It has a pattern of red or brown blotches bordered by black on a light gray or beige background. Often it has a Y- or V-shaped light patch on the back of its head. Behavior: Generally nocturnal and secretive, the Milk Snake is known for its gentle disposition. It can vibrate its tail when threatened, mimicking a rattlesnake. To enhance the deception they will flatten their head into a triangular shape, coil and strike at the threat. Habitat: Although commonly found around barns and farm fields (leading to the incorrect belief that these snakes milk cows), they can be found in a variety of habitats, including forests, fields, and rocky areas throughout Ontario. Black Rat Snake: This impressive snake has a record length of 256cm. Only found in the province of Ontario this length makes them the longest snake in all of Canada. It is also, unfortunately, an endangered species in Ontario. Appearance: When this snake hatches it has a blotchy pattern, an excellent match to the Massassauga Rattlesnake. As these snakes mature they get darker and darker, some adults achieve the complete loss of pattern and become solid black. Behavior: When these snakes are young they take advantage of their Rattlesnake like appearance, and defend themselves energetically by rattling, coiling and striking. At all ages these snakes are incredible climbers and are often found up in the trees, hunting and avoiding being hunted. Habitat: Ontario is home to the northern population of this snake. They require habitats which contain both trees and open areas. The population north of Lake Erie is in dire condition, and the population north and east of Kingston is in trouble.
Knowing the specific characteristics of venomous versus non-venomous snakes can help with identification: Head Shape: Venomous snakes, like the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, typically have a triangular-shaped head, while non-venomous snakes usually have a more rounded head. Confusion can arise when non-venomous snakes, to appear dangerous, use their jaw bones to create the triangular shape. Pupil Shape: Venomous snakes have vertical, slit-like pupils, whereas non-venomous snakes have round pupils in Ontario. Although if you are close enough to see the pupil of the snake clearly you are too close! Behavioral Cues: Strangely, if a snake is extremely enthusiastic in its presentation of ‘rattlesnake’ behaviour, it is probably not a rattlesnake. The harmless imitators of the venomous snakes must ensure that you believe they are dangerous to stay safe. A venomous snake really is dangerous, so it has less to prove.
Understanding the differences between venomous and non-venomous snakes in Ontario is helpful for safety and snake conservation. The Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake is the only venomous species in the region, and recognizing its distinct features can help avoid unnecessary fear and ensure appropriate reactions during encounters. Meanwhile, familiarizing oneself with common non-venomous snakes, like the Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Water Snake, and Milk Snake, can foster a greater appreciation for these beneficial reptiles. For residents and outdoor enthusiasts in the Greater Toronto Area and other parts of Ontario, taking the time to learn about local snake species can enhance outdoor experiences and support wildlife conservation efforts. If you encounter a snake it’s best to observe from a safe distance and avoid disturbing it. If you want to deepen your understanding and appreciation of snakes, consider visiting local nature centers or participating in wildlife education programs. Engaging with these resources can provide valuable hands-on experiences and further knowledge about Ontario's diverse snake population. In conclusion, proper identification of venomous and non-venomous snakes not only ensures safety but also promotes conservation and respect for wildlife. By educating ourselves and our communities about these fascinating creatures, we contribute to a harmonious coexistence with the natural world. For further information and guidance, consult local wildlife authorities or herpetological societies. They offer valuable resources and can provide expert advice on safely encountering and identifying snakes in Ontario.